AP Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition Terms

What is classical conditioning?

In Pavlov's experiment, food was the unconditioned stimulus , salivating to food was the unconditioned response , the bell became the conditioned stimulus , and salivating to the bell was the conditioned response .

Extinction vs spontaneous recovery?

Generalization vs discrimination (in conditioning)?

What is operant conditioning?

Positive vs negative reinforcement?

Positive vs negative punishment?

Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest, steadiest response rate and is hardest to extinguish?

Learning by watching and imitating others, shown in Bandura's Bobo doll study

What is latent learning?

What are the three basic processes of memory?

Iconic vs echoic memory?

George Miller found that short-term memory holds about 7 ± 2 items.

Grouping information into meaningful units to remember more (like a phone number in three parts)

What are the parts of Baddeley's working memory model?

Explicit vs implicit memory?

Which brain structures are key for explicit and implicit memories?

What is the levels-of-processing theory?

What is the serial position effect?

Proactive vs retroactive interference?

Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia?

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus show with his forgetting curve?

Recall vs recognition?

Algorithm vs heuristic?

Thinking of objects only in terms of their usual use, which blocks creative problem solving

Approaching a problem the way that worked before, even when a better way exists

The best or most typical example of a category, like a robin for “bird”

Fluid vs crystallized intelligence?

Spearman's g vs Gardner's multiple intelligences?

Reliability vs validity of a test?

Phoneme vs morpheme?

The rise in average IQ scores over generations